Accountancy is not a profession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Accountancy is not a profession - Essay Example In the period between 1933 and 1934, there occurred tremendous growth in the financial markets and their structure and level of organization improved considerably. That growth can be attributed to the audited financial data’s reliability to a considerable extent (Antle and Suner, 2007). However, over the last decade, a wave of scandals has shaken the structure of accountancy as a profession. The debate surrounding the professional status of accountancy can be traced back to the early 20th century. The supreme court of one of the states in the early 20th century referred to accountancy as a â€Å"business† that did not benefited the public like the â€Å"profession of law†, and further said that the laws of accountancy â€Å"have been passed in the interest of those engaged in the business and for their protection and advantage rather than in the interest of the public welfare† (Turnburee, 1946, p. 47). Profession has been defined as â€Å"a calling, occup ation, or vocation distinguished from a trade or handicraft† (Webster cited in Turnburee, 1946, p. 47). On the other hand, accountancy has been defined as â€Å"the art as well as the science of recording, classifying, summarizing of business transactions in terms of money within an accounting or financial year, with the help of principles and techniques† (Banerjee, 2010, p. 4). ... Formation of such organizations has increased the demand of clarification of the rules. When the accountants get any pressure from the management or are sued, they tend to approach the rule-making organizations and express their concern over lack of clarification of rules in particular cases. Rules are always secondary to professional judgment. â€Å"In the big picture, this shift in emphasis from judgment to rules has damaged their professionalism. No profession can rely on rules as the main basis for its work† (Sunder cited in Antle and Sunder, 2007). The professional status of accountancy has also been challenged by many accountants. For example, the accountant David Logan at the IRIS World Event arranged at Twickenham warned the fellows that accountancy is increasingly becoming a trade rather than a profession; â€Å"I used to have seven audits, but I could do 95% of my business without being registered. We’re competing with anybody who can set up as a bookkeeper. If someone is made redundant and sets up on their own, you can’t compete with that† (Logan cited in Stokdyk, 2012). The recent changes made to the audit exemption criteria have made things even worse as the firms have started to do the works of accountancy without an accountant. These days, many large companies do such works as filing the accounts and bookkeeping without the help of accountants and still no objections are raised by the government (Stokdyk, 2012). Although the government provides business with the relaxation of red tape, yet the accountants are facing restrictions from various avenues for making income. Another accountant Paul Scholes encouraged

Role of Gender Equality in Development in Africa Essay Example for Free

Role of Gender Equality in Development in Africa Essay Women, especially in Africa, have not yet been included as equal and effective stakeholders in processes that determine their lives. They get subjected to less education, less employment and advancement opportunities. They have limited political representation, and as a result, they do not get a chance to contribute to crucial decision making. In addition, their contribution to national and continental development process goes unnoticed and unrewarded. A report by the World Bank in 2000 identified gender as a key issue affecting three fundamental aspects of fighting poverty in Africa; opportunities, security and empowerment (World Bank, 2000). It also recognized the positive link between gender equality and economic growth. An excellent example is the observation that women prefer that Government spending be more oriented towards the well being of children, local infrastructure, and anti poverty programs. This boosts economic growth, thus, empowering women in political processes would lead to larger allocations towards growth, enhancing Government expenditures. Further more it was discovered that, where influence of women in public life is immense, level of corruption is lower; therefore, women can effectively rule or govern. What role does gender equality play in development of Africa? Gender equality is crucial to a number of key development goals. These goals include; ensuring education for all, promoting economic growth and accountability in management of public goods and services. Stimulating economic empowerment for marginalized groups, and enhancing democracy and peace also constitute the development goals. Other relevant issues include; eliminating discrimination and violence against women, Improving maternal health, reducing child mortality, and Combating HIV/aids. Gender equality in education can have a beneficial outcome on the realization of valuable development goals. Educated women will help reduce child mortality, increase fertility and expand education for the next generation. Education is associated with high human capital and employment. These, in turn, increase economic growth directly by increasing workers’ productivity and indirectly by increasing economic growth through increased rate of return to physical investment. In terms of employment, more women should be included into the formal sector. Artificial barriers to female employment in the formal sector have contributed highly to the rising labor costs and low International competitiveness. This results from women being unable to offer their labor services at more competitive rates. Agriculture is the backbone of African economy. Women make up the majority of farmers and are the most engaged in Agriculture. To change Africa into a green revolution and eradicate hunger, disease and malnutrition, the continent should re-examine gender issues in Agriculture development. This will result in improved output on a basis that is fair and can be maintained. At the heart of Agricultural development in Africa is the strategic change through implementation of new skills and the strengthening of Science and Technology. Women should be included in credit matters. Poverty can be reduced if women gain access to loans. This is because giving loans to women will result in more money being used up on the household than is the case with men. In economic terms empowering women through micro financing has multiplier effects that include gains in human capital development through training and investment in children’s education, health etc. This has shown to yield high returns in terms of future productivity and participation in a growing economy. Infrastructure takes a leading role in development in all countries. It affects a society’s economic, social and cultural activities. Incorporating gender perceptions into infrastructure can create a positive impact on development. Women comprise 70-80% of the agricultural labor force for food crop production and processing in Africa. Many women have also ventured into small businesses to sell their farm products. Therefore, increasing their access to things like electricity and roads will lead to increased agriculture output and better food availability in markets (Buvinic, Morrison Sjoblom, 2001) Conclusion Foreign aid has not been successful in developing Africa. The current generation has the duty to formulate strategies that will help in growing the economies of Africa. Gender, Agriculture, and education represent the main entry points to break the vicious cycle of poverty. Countries that promote and invest in the social and economic status of women experience low poverty rates. For example, providing girls with secondary school education can increase their future wages by 10 to 20 %. The irony is that women and girls make up for 67% of the world’s working hours, and yield half of the global food, but they only gain 10% of the world’s income and possess less than 1% of the world’s property.

Organization Design in FMC Green River Essay -- Business Management Es

Organization Design in FMC Green River Organization design is a formal, guided process for integrating the people, information and technology of an organization. It is used to match the form of the organization as closely as possible to the purpose of the organization. This design process seeks to improve and facilitate the efforts of members within the organization. With respect to FMC Corporation’s Green River, Wyoming facility, under the guidance of this entity’s site manager, Kenneth Dailey, the design should be approached as an internal changes within the organization with the entity’s members working together to define the needs of the organization then create systems to meet those needs most effectively. FMC Green River (the â€Å"company†), in Wyoming, mines and manufactures sodium carbonate soda ash, maintaining the largest sodium tripolyphosphate plant in the world, relying on the coal and natural gas abundant in the Wyoming/Utah/Idaho basin. The company is part of the Alkali Chemicals Division of FMC that supplies sodium-based chemicals to the detergent industry, the glass industry and large commercial chemical plants. The large underground mine of the Green River facility has 400 employees and produces about 5 million tons of trona ore a year. Green River’s first plant was built between 1948 and 1953, producing approximately 1.3 million tons of various grades of soda ash a year. The second refining plant was completed in 1970, producing approximately 1.5 million tons of a single grade of soda ash a year. Currently, Dailey was in the process of supervising the construction of three new smaller plants, one each for 60,000 tons annually of sodium bicarbonate, 30,000 t ons of sodium cyanide used in refining precious metals, and 60,000 tons of caustic sodium hydroxide. Upon discussions held with employees who observed the modifications made at the Aberdeen plant of South Dakota, which deals in the production of a single product related to the defense industry, whose single customer was the US Navy, Dailey is ready to identify key areas of improvement for implementation within his Green River facility based on these procedures and methods placed in Aberdeen facility, as applicable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As indicated in the background of the company above, FMC Green River is in the business of the production of specific chemicals, competing against Texas Gulf, Ge... ...ilitation of the feeling of family, through the notion that management truly cares. This can be reinforced through the same notions provided by Aberdeen of creating a variety of social events that help build the family culture such as plant sponsored events of sports teams, fun sport tournaments and annual social functions and or plant/team parties. Organizational ethics can be achieved by instilling trust within the organization and its employees. Aberdeen did this well, by allowing employees to make their own decisions and judgments on the job that they felt would benefit the organization. As noted within Clawson’s, Custom Business Resources, morale at Aberdeen was consistently high. â€Å"People commented on how much they appreciated being trusted by management, having management’s help in times of need, having management who listened to their concerns and having control over their work environment, pace and structure.† This form of environment may also benefit Dailey’s Green River facilities, as employees who feel important and always feel that management will support them will willingly work better and be more productive because they will truly feel like they work as a family.

It240 Appendix B

Axia College Material Appendix B LAN Operating Systems Scenarios Read the three scenarios below, then answer the questions that follow each scenario. 1. You are the network administrator for a new company that has 10 users and plans to add five more users within a year. The files need to be accessed by all 10 users and each user must have different security rights. What kind of network would you install and how would the pieces and components of this network relate to each other? Define each component. I would install a client-server network because a server network is ideal for sharing resources and data. In addition, server networks also provide security for those resources and data, allowing more clearance to those who need it, and less to those who don’t need it. These systems also have flexibility. As more clients join the system the established clients and servers remain the same. Since all of the data is stored on the server, data updates are easy. One of the best parts of a client-server network is scalability, where each computer client or server can be replaced when needed. 2. You are the network administrator for a company that has a peer-to-peer network. How would the pieces and components of this network relate to each other? Define all of the components of this type of network. Peer-to-peer networks are the types of computers that users normally have because they essentially have all workstations, however, they do not have a centralized system. Connected through network cables, each computer can choose to share its resources to the others. In addition, they are easy to set up and maintain because they have no servers to maintain and they are left on their own to run. Because of this, peer-to-peer networks are typically for smaller networks and therefore are cheaper to run. . You are the administrator of a client-server environment. What kind of network would you install and how would the pieces and components of this network relate to each other? Define each component of a typical client-server environment. I would install a local area network, or LAN, because it is a closed network and most devices and programs, such as printers, scanners, and software can be shared and accessed by all users. In addition, the software and resources can be centrally managed and files can be accessed by any workstation, and since the files are on a central file saver, they can be backed up more easily.

Proximity of fastest growing region in China Essay

The Hong Kong HIT has been noted for its excellence in high end services, range of shipping lines and extensive coverage of destinations. Excellent institutional framework, a business-friendly environment, the professionalism of workers. The most important is Hong Kong legal system, which is trusted, tried and tested by international business. Hong Kong retains a distinct advantage in permitting the parties in maritime arbitration, to have the contract governed and construed in accordance with Hong Kong or English law. As an international financial centre, Hong Kong position itself as the business, trading and services hub for the Mainland and the region as a whole. At the same time, Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta will continue to be the main economic engine of southern China, as well as an increasingly wealthy consumer market and a strong regional economy aiming the global export market. Hong Kong does have a number of advantages over other Mainland cities, and will continue to do so in the future. A strong and well-regulated financial sector, a free press, the free flow of information, low taxes and a simple taxation system, a pool of ighly skilled managers with international experience, proximity to major markets, and a close network of services companies are among the strengths and advantages for business in Hong Kong. Hong Kong is supporting services for the maritime sector in Hong Kong, for example export finance, trade documentation and logistics. The business-friendly tax policy and favourable customs laws make Hong Kong competitive. Sufficient terminal basin and its approach channel depth to accommodate the increasing draughts of ultra-large container ships. The Marine Department has an annual tonnage charge reduction scheme in place for Hong Kong registered ships. It has also recently reduced fees for 24 marine-related services such as port dues, seafarers? licences fees, and certificate fees. Hong Kong competitiveness is further enhanced by the Closer Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) with China. Weakness The absolute majority of the world bigest container ports are located in Asia. Most of the container ports belongs to Mainland China, the second bigest economy in the world. All this provides enormous opportunities for HIT, however every individual port faces new challenges and competition. Hong kong HIT is not an exception. Competitiveness of HIT has become a key issue. In other words any other Mainland port could be considered a competitor threatening the success of the HIT. As before many Chinese ports were poorly equipped to handle the sudden increase in exports from a rapidly expanding manufacturing sector, HIT was the obvious port of choice. After returning Hong Kong to China almost immediately many manufacturing industries relocated from Hong Kong to Shenzhen. A report released by the Better Hong Kong Foundation noted that Hong Kong was rapidly losing market share in cargo throughput to Shenzhen „newer and cheaper ports?. Carolyn Cartier, „Transnational Urbanism in the Reform-era Chinese City: Landscapes from Shenzhen?. Oportunities It is difficult to distinguish precise opportunities for HIT. The shareholders of HIT has indicated support for closer crossborder cooperation with other ports in the region. For instance, Shenzhen Port is controlled by the owners of Hong Kong HIT and is closer to manufacturing sources. However, many vessels continue to call at both ports. It is also important to recognise the vast amount of active industry companies located in Hong Kong which makes it (the Pearl Delta Region) a sustainable location for maritime businesses. Hong Kong advantage lies in its ability to cooperate effectively with the Mainland under the CEPA (HK and Macau, Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement) and its well advanced industry. CEPA continues to provide benefits for Hong Kong businesses. As an economy, where 90% of GDP comes from services, Hong Kong strengths lie in services. On the other hand, the Mainland services sector has been developing as a noticeably slower pace compared to its manufacturing sector. The potential hence for overseas firms under CEPA is enormous. A problem with a large number of China FTZ was that they were not connected to ports. Thus cargo had to undergo customs check procedures prior to entering the FTZ or port. The opportunities for businesses in the services sector is enhanced by CEPA. The best way for overseas service suppliers to leverage on CEPA to gain access to the Mainland market is to set up a service company in Hong Kong, or partner with, invest in or even acquire service suppliers in Hong Kong. Overseas service suppliers acquiring an existing Hong Kong service supplier need to operate in Hong Kong for one year to demonstrate they are carrying on substantive business operations after the acquisition. If a foreign services supplier acquires less than 50 percent equity interest in a Hong Kong service supplier, the one year time bar does not apply. Better transport infrastructure will improve access to Mainland markets and enhance CEPA aims. For example, the integration of regional transport networks will be enhanced by the development of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge which has an expected completion date of 2016. Notably, it is an ongoing process of liberalization between the Mainland and Hong Kong. Hong Kong long-term economic prospects based on being able to maintain competitiveness and importance as a major centre for international finance, trade, transport and logistics, professional services, communications and tourism. In the past five years, Hong Kong has been positioning itself to sustain reasonable economic growth in a rapidly-changing, knowledge-based world. Reforms have been launched in the key areas of financial services, education and the public sector to enhance Hong Kong attractiveness as a business hub with a highly-skilled workforce and a small, efficient government. Major steps have been undertaken to improve the environment, consolidate and enlarge Hong Kong position and to build the infrastructure needed to ensure continued development as a hub for trade and transport in Asia, and in particular the rapidly growing Pearl River Delta. Concerted efforts have been taken to promote and position Hong Kong as Asia world city. The Brand Hong Kong programme, launched in May 2001, is a long-term undertaking to focus greater international attention on Hong Kong strengths and advantages as the most free, open and cosmopolitan city in Asia. Container Terminal 9 (CT9), now being completed on Tsing Yi Island by the private sector, will consolidate Hong Kong position as the worlds busiest and most efficient container port. The 68-hectare project will have six berths and a design capacity to handle more than 2. 6 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs) a year. CT9 in a following years will bring annual total capacity at the Kwai Chung Container Terminal Basin to more than 15 million TEUs. The new marine basin will be able to handle the largest container ships. Threats Since 1997 when Hong Kong was returned to PRC the HIT has served as the gateway to China because of its strategical location in the Pearl River Delta region of southern China, the most advanced trading region in China. The Pearl River Delta Economic Zone, has been the most economically dynamic region of the Chinese Mainland since the beginning of China reform programme in 1979. The Chinese government establishment of a special economic zone in Shenzhen in 1979 gave an oportunity for Hong Kong and its container port to benefit from access to China, however development of mainland container ports in recent years has challenged HIT. Mainland ports invested in upgraded facilities with the help of foreign capital and a rapid move to privatization of ports. „Since 1985, mainland China has invested more in its port development than the rest of the world combined?. Kevin Cullinane, Wang Teng Fei and Sharon Cullinane, „Container Terminal Development in Mainland China and Its Impact on the Competitiveness of the Port of Hong Kong? Recent reports suggest that Chinese factories are moving further inland and in some cases, closer to Shanghai and the Yangtze River Delta, seeking to lower evergrowing costs. The forecast annual growth rate for cargo in the region is 8. 6 per cent to 2020. The forecasts imply that Shenzhen market share of cargo in the region will increase to 55 per cent (from 16 per cent in 1999). Furthermore and contrary to the implications suggested by the report outlined above, the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific pointed out that „by 2020 Shanghai is expected to be overtaken by Shenzhen to become the world? s largest container port.? Kevin Cullinane, Wang Teng Fei and Sharon Cullinane, „Container Terminal Development in Mainland China and Its Impact on the Competitiveness of the Port of Hong Kong? It is, of course, impossible to forecast which outcome will prevail. In the meantime most ports in China are concentrating on expanding capacity and upgrading and modernizing port facilities and operations. It is possible that many of Shenzhen business-friendly policies have been inspired by Hong Kong well-established and competitive customs and trade regimes, low tax and industry incentives. Nevertheless Hong Kong retains a number of competitive advantages such as well-integrated finance, legal and other service sectors, including a healthy body of industry groups. Hong Kong is clearly establishing itself as a hub for maritime services. Its traditional role as a transshipment hub will continue to face pressure from mainland China where the vast majority of export goods historically shipped from Hong Kong are manufactured. The implementation of FTZ and associated financial incentives for the maritime sector establishes the Mainland ports as a sustainable option for marine businesses, especially those seeking to move closer to manufacturing sources. Mainland ports traditionally competed at the lower end offering the lowest port charges in the region but with limited destinations and low service frequency. Yantian Port had the highest charges on the Mainland but offered a more competitive turnaround time and better global network integration. Various incentives and a rapidly developing economy in the Pearl River Delta region have shifted the balance.

Analysis of Network Management (FCAPS) protocol and its role in building flexible and improved networks The WritePass Journal

Analysis of Network Management (FCAPS) protocol and its role in building flexible and improved networks Introduction : Analysis of Network Management (FCAPS) protocol and its role in building flexible and improved networks Introduction :Placing a Fixed IP :Major aspects of Network Management (FCAPS):Fault Management :Configuration management :Performance Of Network Management:Network security include to Threats:Accounting Management:  Simple Network Management Protocol(SNMP) :An SNMP-managed network consists of three key components:System Details Update:Port Scanner :Monitor software:monitor software is additional than very soon custody path of come again is life form install and uninstalled on your computer. suitable system check profits:Bandwidth Monitoring ToolBandwidth Monitoring   FeaturesBandwidth Monitoring   Real -timeBandwidth Monitoring ReportsThreshold Based AlertingThird Party ReportingReferences:Related Introduction : This plan is about Configuration of a new network management system which is connected to a between different platforms. Branches are connected over Fixed IP to enhance performance of network. Configure Management on all routers so client workstations can obtain automatically IP address from routers, and NMS and FIXED IP is configured to hide the internal IP address from ISP. So in this proposal we have configured and structured all our scenarios which are explained in details. Here is a brief introduction of Fixed IP and analysis of protocol which is required to build a flexible improved and flexible network so it’s a summary of FCAPS, Management Tools, SNMP and NMS which are main components used in my scenario. Assignment is going to present the configuration of management system for wireless when we accessing from different places. I preferred to set a Fixed IP for network. It displays a synchronization levels for accessing points. It is done from WAN connection. The ISP maintain a pool of modems for their dial-in customers. This is managed by some form of computer (usually a dedicated one) which controls data flow from the modem pool to a backbone or dedicated line router. This setup may be referred to as a port server, as it serves access to the network. Billing and usage information is usually collected here as well. Many computers connected to the Internet host part of the DNS database and the software that allows others to access it. These computers are known as DNS servers. No DNS server contains the entire database; If a DNS server does not contain the domain name requested by another computer, the DNS server re-directs the requesting computer to another DNS server. Placing a Fixed IP : A lot of routers let you to produce unbelievable call a static lease. in essence, this secure a MAC sermon to (bodily chat to of your composite documentation, theoretically no more than one of its variety to your documentation) to a hard to please IP address.   This has many advantages. First, you dont have to confusion with ANY of your computer system settings ever. The router is forever departing to dole out the correct equivalent deal with to that system, the standard DHCP setting will employment in good health.Computer ask for  one  lecture to, and until the end of time get agreed the exact. Thi s is   not probable to provide numerous the whole story,   every router is dissimilar,   I can let know you with the intention of if you make use of IPCop as your entryway ( extremely Good Idea), it is as straightforward as click one of conations in the in progress go-ahead lease list, and imperative produce unchanging rent, in the DHCP member of employees portion at table piece of paper.   Clicks and youre set for existence. We   have  Ã‚   even can reinstall your computer working system, reboot, and theres your motionless IP again. Major aspects of Network Management (FCAPS): Fault Management : A blunder is an flusht that has a pessimistic connotation. The ambition of  error managing is to be familiar with, separate, accurate and register fault that happen in the  system. in addition it use tendency psychoanalysis to forecast error so so as to the system is forever obtainable. Can be recognized by monitor   different   Ã‚  belongings for irregular performance. A fault or occasion occur, a complex constituent will frequently drive a announcement to the system worker by means of a proprietary or unlock  protocol  such as  SNMP, or at smallest amount mark a communication to its cheer up for a  consol member of staff serving at table  to catch and log/page. This announcement is hypothetical to activate physical or routine behavior. For example: the meeting of additional data to recognize the natural world and harshness of the difficulty or to transport endorsement equipment on-line.- Responsibility logs are one effort used to accumulate figures to decide the provide overhaul level of personality complex rudiments, as glowing as sub-network or the total complex. These   are also second-hand to resolve in fact flimsy set-up machinery that have need of further consideration. Configuration management : system pattern organization allow you to control change to the pattern of your system plans, similar to switch and routers. Using design organization tackle you container create changes to the pattern of a router, After that revolve the changes reverse to a preceding arrangement if the changes were not winning. Difference the preceding circumstances with a net pattern organization classification with the circumstances exclusive of a complex design organization scheme. You would create the change, with any luck identification to text what you distorted. If the change were not winning you would, at finest then contain to unfasten the changes you complete physically from your certification. At most horrible, you would be absent with annoying to keep in mind what was distorted and why. openxtra.co.uk/articles/network-configuration-management#ixzz1LNuiwfmm Networks of several dimension be in a steady shape of instability. Some of the engineers accountable for the system can alter the prototype of the switches and routers at some occasion. Arrangement changes to live apparatus be able to contain overwhelming belongings on the dependability of the system and the armed forces provide by it. System arrangement supervision is intended to consent to you to get organize of set of connections changes. Performance Of Network Management: System and function presentation issues are rising severely unpaid to information centre consolidation, the go up of compact disk interchange, growing information of distant users, and less trends. The most excellent method to appreciate the view so as to all presentation is family member is to inquire an important person, uses a networked organization or submission: â€Å"Be a three-second request answer occasion good quality or dreadful† The respond is, it depends. If the ordinary rejoinder point in time is ten seconds, a three-second reply occasion is extremely high-quality. Best suggestion of how application are performing arts used for the ending customer is to calculate rejoinder period by monitor genuine transfer. Tall utilization is only a difficulty if it essentially impact request presentation. Growing bandwidth is not a cure-all for solving presentation troubles. Compose positive you recognize the reason of the difficulty previous to attractive counteractive exploit similar to throw bandwidth at it. Security management : The networks are processor systems, together community and confidential, that is old on a daily basis to behavior business and infrastructure in the middle of business, management agency and persons. Networks are comprised of nodes, which are customer terminals   and one or more servers and/or host computers. These are connected by message system, a number of of which strength be confidential, such as inside a corporation, and others which strength be unlock to community right of entry. Example of a complex scheme so as to is unlock to community right of entry is the Internet, but a lot of confidential networks too use openly-easy to get to infrastructure. These days, the majority companies crowd computers be able to be accessed by their workers whether in their office in excess of a confidential infrastructure system, or as of their home or lodge rooms as on the street from side to side usual phone outline. System safety involve all behavior that organization, enterprise, and institution take on to defend the worth and continuing usability of possessions plus the honesty and permanence of operations. An effectual system safety plan require identify intimidation plus after that choose the the majority effectual situate of tackle to struggle them. Network security include to Threats:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Viruses :  processor program on paper through deceitful programmers and intended to duplicate themselves plus contaminate computer at what time trigger through a exact occasion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Trojan horse programs :  Escape vehicle for unhelpful system, which show to be safe or helpful software program such because sports competition   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Vandals :  Software application or applets so as to reason obliteration   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Attacks :  counting investigation attack   right of entry attack   and refutation-of-repair attack (which stop right of entry to fraction or every one of a processor scheme)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Data interception :  involve eavesdrop on infrastructure or changing information packet life form transmit      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Social engineering :  obtain secret system safekeeping in order from side to side nontechnical income, such as affectation as a practical prop up being plus ask intended for popular passwords Network security tools : Antivirus software packages :  These letters oppose the majority bug intimidation if frequently efficient plus properly maintain. Secure network infrastructure :  Switches and routers contain hardware and software skin so as to hold up safe connectivity, border safety, interruption defense, individuality armed armed forces, and defense managing. Devoted system safety hardware plus software-gear such as firewalls and interruption discovery system give defense intended for every one area of the system furthermore allow safe relations. Virtual private networks :  These networks supply admission be in charge of in addition to information encryption stuck between two dissimilar computer on a net. This allows distant personnel to attach to the system with no the danger of a hacker or robber intercept information. Identity services :  These armed forces assist to recognize user and be in command of their behavior and dealings on the system. armed forces comprise passwords, digital certificate, and digital confirmation key. Encryption :  Encryption ensure so as to mail cannot be intercept or understand writing by anybody additional than the official receiver. Security management :  This be the paste so as to hold jointly the additional structure block of a physically influential safety resolution. Accounting Management: System organization: secretarial and presentation strategy, describe the IP secretarial skin in Cisco IOS and enable you to differentiate the dissimilar IP secretarial function and appreciate SNMP MIB particulars. Learn concerning IP secretarial right of entry manage catalog (ACL) plus IP secretarial MAC talk to.   Simple Network Management Protocol(SNMP) : Standard   procedure for organization plans on IP network. plans so as to characteristically hold up SNMP comprise routers, switch, servers, workstations, printer, modem racks.It is second-hand more often than not in net running systems   to  monitornnetwork-emotionally involved plans for circumstances that merit directorial notice. SNMP is a part of the internet procedure set  Ã‚  as distinct by the Internet Engineering Task Force   (IETF). It consists of a put of  principles for system organization, counting an  request coating procedure, a file   schema. An SNMP-managed network consists of three key components:   Mechanism manage Third party - software which run on direct international relations NMS(Network management system ) - software which run on the superior I preferred the tool for system is Network monitoring tool : system monitor serve as your eye-plus-ears, alert you to some issue on your system. You be able to stay path of belongings like copier provisions, software installation, rough push room, agreement owing date   now concerning no matter which you be able to believe of so as to relate to your system. The majority practical of IT pro set up their system monitor system to attentive them via electronic mail or book memo when on earth issue occur. This not simply keep them on pinnacle of possible evils so they can speak to them as rapidly as likely, other than it too prevent them from create an subject. The enormous bulk of evils so as to occur in a net are straight linked to incredible altering. The top net monitor solution resolve not just prepared you to these change, but motivation and assist you troubleshoot the matter by allow you to measure up to your network’s in progress position with come again it look like previous to the alter. This income you be able to resolve the dif ficulty earlier. The instrument incessantly monitor the reply time of manifold plans and generate e-mail alerts base on the harshness. These alert are put awake at three dissimilar level and demonstrate the dissimilar rank of the nodes. System Details Update: This instrument come useful at what time the manager have to modernize the scheme particulars, such as scheme persons persons name, scheme account, and organization site in a variety of plans. The manager can primary scrutinize a variety of plans to sight the obtainable particulars plus after that can adapt as necessary and bring up to date them all at on one occasion. Port Scanner : This instrument scan the known port also inside a variety of IP Addresses or intended for a solitary IP to discover the rank of the scan port. The rank of the ports be able to be also listen or not listen. You be able to connect the port among the recognized armed forces, which enable you to be acquainted with the unidentified/surplus armed forces organization in the arrangement. These are three points exemplify why your IT section be supposed to powerfully think leveraging system organization gear as fraction of their every day everyday jobs: Suitable system direction-finding  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Network system organization security  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Receive list of your system Monitor software: monitor software is additional than very soon custody path of come again is life form install and uninstalled on your computer. suitable system check profits: custody path of installation Note which license be put to end meaningful which hot fixes (patch to repair exact bug) are install stay on top of pinnacle of the present condition of every one window armed forces on top of every mechanism creation certain every one of your computers be secluded by means of an awake to day antivirus software Bandwidth Monitoring Tool Bandwidth check instrument provide the genuine-occasion system transfer of some SNMP machine. It provide the bandwidth practice particulars together on at border-height and at the machine-height. It use SNMP to get the bandwidth operation particulars of a system border. The bandwidth consumption of the machine display a contrast of the human being transfer of its interface Bandwidth Monitoring   Features Meansless bandwidth monitor Chronological bandwidth convention trend Doorsill based alert Monitors bandwidth, number consumption, tempo, and packet trasferred. Sell to other countries bandwidth information to XLS format Bandwidth Monitoring   Real -time Bandwidth Monitoring  instrument provide the existing bandwidth practice of every of the SNMP-enable interface that are configured. Graphical symbol of the bandwidth custom give a apparent visibility into how a large amount bandwidth was obsessive on an detailed complex boundary Bandwidth Monitoring Reports The   tool   in calculation to the bandwidth exploitation rumor,   provide the bandwidth usage trend on an hourly, daily, monthly, and yearly basis for the next parameters of a network interface: Volume Utilization Speed Packet Transfers Threshold Based Alerting Administrators can situate threshold for bandwidth utilization and find alert and emails and the entrance rate exceed the prearranged transfer consumption limits. This help in more rapidly remoteness of the predicament in the set of connections and consequently faster achievement. Third Party Reporting Monitors the group policy, such as Routers and switch, to save the bandwidth usage fine points and supplies them in the list. This numbers is interconnected and offered in the type of bandwidth hearsay.Monitors   provide an opportunity to send overseas these records into a csv file, we   can be fed to third-party exposure engines to breed bandwidth rumor as beloved. TL1 protocol : The Protocol is usually new in network management. It was formed to solve several troubles, the   most considerable of which be the incongruity of policy via special proprietary protocol. Other goals for TL1 protocol included a human readable format and responsiveness to commands. The system-to-system skills isnt the simply advantage of the  protocol. It is also being decipherable. Even though it is prepared sufficient to be parsed, it is as well reasonably easy for humans to convert. Allows a a good deal advanced plane of thoughtful through a much minor erudition curvature than was unlikely sooner than.since it was calculated to be unbolt, this protocol can be measured a predecessor to SNMP  . therefore extensive as a cluster of strategy hold , their   will be clever to speak, despite the consequences of company. firstly, the procedure chains response to information. We   be able to issue a authority to a  Ã‚  Ã‚   TL1machine request with the intention of it statement all of its reputation sound the alarm. References: wireless-technology-advisor.com/how does wireless internet work.html http://www,megasys.com/telenium2.asp#config link wisegeek.com/topics/network management tools.htm theshulers.com/white papers/index.html#net infra bgci.org/africa/abgnmanagement

The character of Thomas Jefferson Essays - Thomas Jefferson

The character of Thomas Jefferson Essays - Thomas Jefferson The character of Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson: The Man, The Myth, and The Morality Thomas Jefferson was a man of the greatest moral character who has been excoriated routinely over the last 30 years by historical revisionists and presentists. His commitment to America and his vast contributions to the framing of society as it is today are overlooked in favor of base analysis of his character that, while not flawless, is that of a morally upright person who has deeply held convictions and lives by them. Jefferson was born to a prominent family of Virginia tobacco growers. Plantation life is based largely around the work of slaves, so Jefferson was surrounded by them from the time of his birth in 1743 until the day he died. One of the harshest criticisms of Jefferson comes from the fact that, while he vehemently opposed slavery, was indeed a slave owner himself. As historian Douglas L. Wilson points out in his Atlantic Monthly article Thomas Jefferson and the Character Issue, the question should be reversed: ...[T]his was of asking the question... is essentially backward, and reflects the pervasive presentism of our time. Consider, for example, how different the question appears when inverted and framed in more historical terms: How did a man who was born into a slave holding society, whose family and admired friends owned slaves, who inherited a fortune that was dependent on slaves and slave labor, decide at an early age that slavery was morally wrong and forcefully declare that it ought to be abolished? (Wilson 66). Wilson also argues that Jefferson knew that his slaves would be better off working for him than freed in a world where they would be treated with contempt and not given any real freedoms. Another way that Thomas Jefferson shows his moral character is in his most famous achievement, the drafting of the Declaration of Independence. This document is probably the most important document in the history of the United States, and one of the most important in the history of the world. Jefferson writes that all men are created equal and argues that every man has the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Jeffersons document shows not only his strongly held beliefs in freedom, but his acceptance of and belief in the views of the Age of Reason. He believed himself to be a person who was doing what was morally right, not for the fame that would eventually accompany it. In fact, he didnt want to write the Declaration to begin with. In 1776, the song Not Me, John shows how Jefferson was pushed into doing it, despite the fact that he would have actually rather gone home to see his wife. When nobody else would do it, he acquiesced and agreed to write it. His quote, What will posterity think we were demigods? Were men no more, no less (1776), shows how as a contemporary of such philosophical greats as Voltaire and Mill, he did what he did because it was what needed to happen not in any way, shape, or form because he wanted to be remembered as a demigod, a status he actually had anyway, according to Wilson, until the 1960s. Another thing that Jeffersons character is criticized for and blown out of proportion is his liaison with a slave, Sally Hemings. Historian Fawn Brodie argues that it was not scandalous debauchery with an innocent slave victim, but rather a serious passion that brought Jefferson and the slave woman much happiness over a period lasting thirty-eight years. True, their affair started when she was only 14 years old, but to criticize this is terribly presentistic. In colonial times, especially in the middle and southern colonies, girls were married off between the ages of 13 and 16; it was not considered defilement and abuse like it is today. In fact, his relationship with Hemings could actually be considered to be a positive thing for him on two fronts: Since she was 52 when he died, Jefferson obviously did not lust after her solely on a physical basis; also, he promised his wife when she died that he would not remarry. He fulfilled his promise only because he found a woman to love whom he was not expected, indeed not allowed, to marry. This is a weak front on which to criticize Jefferson. Given Jeffersons contributions to American society, it is almost impossible to find him to be morally weak and coarse. Those who do are presentists, cynics, and nay-sayers who are simply looking

French Conjunction Tant Que Doesnt Need Subjunctive

French Conjunction Tant Que Doesnt Need Subjunctive Tant que is a conjunctive phrase (locution conjonctive) that, unlike many other conjunctive phrases, does not need the subjunctive. It means as / so much as or as long as / while / since, depending on the context. Tant que is a phrase that communicates certainty and intensifies quantity, frequency, degree and the like. Thus, there is really no reason for the subjective subjunctive. Tant que tu es ici, tu peux maider. As long as / Since youre here, you can help me.Jai tant lu que jai mal aux yeux. I read so much that my eyes hurt.Il a tant manger, quil est malade. He ate so much that hes sick.Tant que tu es la, cherche mes lunettes. As long as / since youre here, look for my glasses.Tu peux rester tant que tu veux. You can stay as long as you want. Tant Que vs. Autant Que Do not confuse tant que  with autant que,  another conjunctive phrase that seems similar but is really more about equalizing and comparisons. It, too, is an adaptable and widely used phrase in French that has a number of possible meanings in English: as far as, as / so much as or as long as / while. So while tant que is about intensity, autant que is about balance. Autant que communicates conjecture and doubt, so the verb following it should be in the subjunctive, indicated in bold below: Autant que je me souvienne... As far as I remember...Autant que je vous le dise tout de suite. I may as well tell you right now. Other French Conjunctive Phrases A conjunctive phrase is a group of two or more words that function as a conjunction that links clauses. French conjunctive phrases end in que, and many, but not all, are subordinating conjunctions, rather than coordinating conjunctions, that require a subjunctive verb. One asterisk below indicates those that take the subjunctive. condition que*  Ã‚  provided thatafin que*  Ã‚  so thatainsi que  Ã‚  just as, so asalors que  Ã‚  while, whereasautant que* as far as / as much as / while mesure que  Ã‚  as (progressively) moins que**  Ã‚  unlessaprà ¨s que  Ã‚  after, when supposer que*  Ã‚  assuming thatau cas oà ¹Ã‚  Ã‚  in caseaussità ´t que  Ã‚  as soon asavant que**  Ã‚  beforebien que*  Ã‚  althoughdans lhypothà ¨se oà ¹Ã‚  Ã‚  in the event thatde crainte que**  Ã‚  for fear thatde faà §on que*  Ã‚  in such a way thatde manià ¨re que*  Ã‚  so thatde mà ªme que  Ã‚  just asde peur que**  for fear thatdepuis que  Ã‚  sincede sorte que*  Ã‚  so that, in such a way thatdà ¨s que  Ã‚  as soon asen admettant que*  Ã‚  assuming thaten attendant que*  Ã‚  while, untilencore que*  Ã‚  even thoughjusqu ce que*  Ã‚  untilparce que  Ã‚  becausependant que  Ã‚  whilepour que*  Ã‚  so thatpourvu que*  Ã‚  provided thatquand bien mà ªme  Ã‚  even though/ifquoi que*  Ã‚  whatever, no matter whatsans que**  Ã‚  withoutsità ´t que  Ã‚  as soon assupposà © que*  Ã‚  supposingtandis que  Ã‚  while, whereastant que  Ã‚  Ã‚  as long asvu que  Ã‚  seeing as/that *These conjunctions must be followed by the  subjunctive.**These conjunctions require the  subjunctive  as well as the  ne explà ©tif, a more formal negation that uses ne without pas. Additional Resources Tant Que vs. Autant QueFrench ConjunctionsThe SubjunctivatorQuiz: Subjunctive or indicative?

Rigid pavement design Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Rigid pavement design - Term Paper Example pavement, which are Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP), Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavement (JRCP), and Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP). The joints in PCC slab help in reducing the stresses due to subgrade moisture variation, temperature variation, and shrinking of concrete based on AASHTO, 1993. Moreover, to determine the slab thickness of concrete pavement, there are equation and parameters have to be taken into account. Design, Analysis, and Rehabilitation of Windows () is a software program used to evaluate the pavement structure in terms of the expected performance under design traffic loadings and given climatic environments. The rigid pavement can resist a variety of conditions for a long time and requires less maintenance provided that it is professionally laid. ; However, the need for repair is sometimes very crucial in the case of any distress. Every strategy comes with a cost and by performing an economical analysis of the alternative strategies, the cost of each strategy can be roughly estimated. The life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) is the most effective method used to approximate the cost. In the twentieth century, the cars took the lead as the main means of transport. After the Second World War, the growth in traffic, tire pressures, loads, and the higher speeds necessitated the development of pavement technology beyond designs based on experience only. Functional performance had to be defined, predicted and understood to the basis of the service that is provided to the road users in relation to the cost. Nevertheless, this performance required a structural behavior and pavement distress knowledge in relation to the time. However, this motivated the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) road test. A pavement is a structure composed of structural elements, whose functions are to protect the natural subgrade, distribute the applied vehicle loads to the subgrade, and carry the traffic safely and economically.

Homestasis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Homestasis - Essay Example The urinary system consists of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. The metanephric kidneys in humans filter the blood and forms urine which is carried by the ureters to the urinary bladder where it is stored till it is passed out through the urethra. The reflex of voiding urine is known as micturition. If the urine content of the urinary bladder reaches more than 300ml, the reflex of micturition is triggered. The urine that is primarily formed by the kidneys is highly dilute and contains a lot of salts and other substances which are beneficial and useful to the body. The urine needs to be concentrated and the salts must be reabsorbed else all of the water and important salts would be excreted leading to salt and water imbalance in the body. This is where the role of the kidneys comes in. The fact is that the structure, function and location of the kidneys help in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. It was in 1902 that Hober coined the term osmoregulation; Osmoregulation is a collective of a number of processes that regulate water content, volume and movement. Each kidney is made up of about 1.25 million nephrons which are the prime functional units of the kidneys. It is the structure of nephrons that play the most pivotal role in maintaining the homeostatic balance of the body. The structure of the nephrons is complicated and consists of three major parts- Renal corpuscle (Bowman’s capsule and Glomerulus), Nephric Tubules (PCT, Henle’s loop and DCT) and Collective tubule. Each of the parts of the nephrons play important role in formation of urine and maintaining internal chemical balance. Bowman’s capsules act as Ultrafiltration and filters out water and other substances from the plasma as the blood flows through the glomerulus except for the blood cells and plasma proteins. The glomerulus filtrate so formed passes through the tubules. During this

Jury Deliberation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Jury Deliberation - Essay Example "Research" in this instance could be wide and varied in meaning as there are other extrapolating questions with regards to jury deliberation itself. Are questions limited to the AC 1118 (protection of free debate in the jury room) only Are there other contradicting details about the jury process which the public must know and that should be properly acted upon Does "research" apply to the outsiders, or the jurors themselves As Section 8(1) of the Contempt of Court Act 1981 provides: "(1) Subject to subsection (2) below, it is a contempt of court to obtain, disclose or solicit any particulars of statements made, opinions expressed, arguments advanced or votes cast by members of a jury in the course of their deliberations in any legal proceedings," making votes, discussions and other related issues on jury deliberations sacrosanct before the law. In this instance, it is against the law that jurors themselves impart any information or knowledge with regards to the case at hand, so that they are to live life like the case does not exist at all. And this is to allow implementation of AC 1118, of which may be interpreted as to protect the jurors, or the court decision, and the public in general. Court cases that have touched on the issue of "protection of free debate in the jury room" include Regina v. ... ion why or how come that in those cases where the court was informed of some misconduct on the part of jurors, steps were not done to rectify what has gone wrong (UKP, 2006). In the R v Mirza (2004) case, AC 1118 was also indicated of important clause as an important feature of the jury's work protecting "individual jurors from exposure to pressure to explain the reasons which had actuated them individually to arrive at their verdict," (House of Lords, 2005). Likewise, R v Young Stephen (Bar Council, 2006) has also been mentioned as one of the most notorious case. Incidentally, it was emphasized in a report that section 8 of the Contempt of Court Act 1981 on disclosing or obtaining information relating to jury room deliberations were addressed to third parties (Procter, 2006) in the discussion mentioned. One example of this contradictory deliberation was the case "Her Majesty's Attorney General (Respondent) v. Scotcher (Appellant) (Criminal Appeal from Her Majesty's High Court of Justice) of which one Keith Scotcher has been charged of contempt of court. In the deliberation, it was established that appellant Scotcher was summoned for jury service in January 2000 for a case against two brothers criminally charged. In February 20 of that same year, an anonymous letter was sent to the mother of the two defendants in the criminal case of which contents include among others: "Dear Mrs Anderson I was the one jury member who held out against the prosecution case at the trial of [A] and [B]. I would like you to seriously consider, as I'm sure you are already, talking to your counsels about appealing the convictions on the grounds of an unsafe conviction, miscarriage of justice, or whatever. [XXXX] When we first went out the voting was close XXXX. Many changed their vote

Applying the EMH Evaluate the Role That Government Played In Economic Essay

Applying the EMH Evaluate the Role That Government Played In Economic Recovery Using Recent Real-life Examples - Essay Example because of the market volatility due to the different government policy and the detailed study would tend to give a great learning opportunity about this adverse scenario. Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) Theory Efficient market hypothesis implies that, if any new information about a company is revealed it will be immediately incorporated into the share price rationally and rapidly, with respect to the direction of the share price movement and its size. In an efficient market except by chance, no trader will get an opportunity to earn abnormal return on a share or a return which is greater than the fair return for the risk associated to that share. The possibility of absence of abnormal profits arises because the past and current information is immediately reflected in the current share prices. The prices are affected only by the new information. EMH is concerned with under what conditions an investor can gain abnormal profits or excess returns in a stock. EMH claims that all the in formation available readily reflects in the price of the stock. According to EMH abnormal positive returns are not possible by any trader using the information available to public. Many people think that market efficiency means that it is impossible to outperform the market at any given point of time which is incorrect. Efficiency does not mean that prices will not apart from true value: At any point of time it is expected that prices will deviate from their true value, majorly because value depends on the future and future is unpredictable. Efficiency does not mean that no investor will be able to beat the market in any single time period. In an efficient market approximately one half of the shares purchased subsequently outperform not because of the skill but due to the fact that prices... This report stresses that market efficiency has been tested over a long period of time and it has been observed that movement of the stock prices follow a random walk. The random walk theory states that an investor can have a good chance of beating the market if they throw darts on New York Times stock listing pages. Investors who adhere to the random walk theory believe that searching for undervalued shares or predicting the future stock price is just a waste of time. Any new developments of government like restructuring the tax legislation, controlling the financial crisis and the inflation etc reflect in share prices of the different corporation. Followers of random walk theory believe that is impossible to predict future events and they are left with no other choice but to accept the efficient market hypothesis. This essay makes a conclusion that it cannot be denied that the government interventions play a crucial role in stabilizing the economies that were overturned due to the financial crisis as result of devaluation of properties or inability to service the debt obligations. Due to the global crisis, the investor confidence eroded which had adverse impact on the stock prices. The fluctuation in the stock prices was also due to drift in the present market condition. As a result of revised regulations and containing policies by the government, the economies started to revive and the interest of the investors were protected. This resulted in the decrease in volatility of share prices which reflects belief of the investors from their anticipation of future events in the economy. This follows the efficient market hypothesis.

Rationale For Performance Based Assessment Essay

Rationale For Performance Based Assessment - Essay Example I believe that the role a teacher plays can shape the students’ lives. Hence, a teacher’s role is of foremost importance. To advance teaching skills, teachers must continually keep track of the recent researches and pedagogies and should use them in helping the English language learners improve on their English skills. It is also very important that the assessments taken by ELLS are fair by all means. A fair assessment is a necessary step in the progress of ELLs. I am responsible for teaching basic level English listening / speaking skills to my students who mainly speak Arab. A proper performance based assessment should be preceded by a proper imparting of learning to the ELLs. Hence, firstly, I would be highlighting the appropriate strategies that are used across the world for teaching the English language learner population. The advancement in technology has proved to be a great help in imparting learning to the ELL population since it has led to an increase in the m odes of teaching. Some effective strategies to impart effective learning to the ELL students are described below (Richard J. Stiggins, 2004): †¢Ã‚  Use of non-lingual representation†¢Ã‚  The students should be helped in recognizing the varied patterns†¢Ã‚  Different activities should be organized wherein the English language learners are given a chance to express compound ideas. †¢Ã‚  Another approach is to relate the learning to the students’ culture in some way. Arab music and pictures can be used as digital media for imparting learning to students.

Applying the EMH Evaluate the Role That Government Played In Economic Essay

Applying the EMH Evaluate the Role That Government Played In Economic Recovery Using Recent Real-life Examples - Essay Example because of the market volatility due to the different government policy and the detailed study would tend to give a great learning opportunity about this adverse scenario. Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) Theory Efficient market hypothesis implies that, if any new information about a company is revealed it will be immediately incorporated into the share price rationally and rapidly, with respect to the direction of the share price movement and its size. In an efficient market except by chance, no trader will get an opportunity to earn abnormal return on a share or a return which is greater than the fair return for the risk associated to that share. The possibility of absence of abnormal profits arises because the past and current information is immediately reflected in the current share prices. The prices are affected only by the new information. EMH is concerned with under what conditions an investor can gain abnormal profits or excess returns in a stock. EMH claims that all the in formation available readily reflects in the price of the stock. According to EMH abnormal positive returns are not possible by any trader using the information available to public. Many people think that market efficiency means that it is impossible to outperform the market at any given point of time which is incorrect. Efficiency does not mean that prices will not apart from true value: At any point of time it is expected that prices will deviate from their true value, majorly because value depends on the future and future is unpredictable. Efficiency does not mean that no investor will be able to beat the market in any single time period. In an efficient market approximately one half of the shares purchased subsequently outperform not because of the skill but due to the fact that prices... This report stresses that market efficiency has been tested over a long period of time and it has been observed that movement of the stock prices follow a random walk. The random walk theory states that an investor can have a good chance of beating the market if they throw darts on New York Times stock listing pages. Investors who adhere to the random walk theory believe that searching for undervalued shares or predicting the future stock price is just a waste of time. Any new developments of government like restructuring the tax legislation, controlling the financial crisis and the inflation etc reflect in share prices of the different corporation. Followers of random walk theory believe that is impossible to predict future events and they are left with no other choice but to accept the efficient market hypothesis. This essay makes a conclusion that it cannot be denied that the government interventions play a crucial role in stabilizing the economies that were overturned due to the financial crisis as result of devaluation of properties or inability to service the debt obligations. Due to the global crisis, the investor confidence eroded which had adverse impact on the stock prices. The fluctuation in the stock prices was also due to drift in the present market condition. As a result of revised regulations and containing policies by the government, the economies started to revive and the interest of the investors were protected. This resulted in the decrease in volatility of share prices which reflects belief of the investors from their anticipation of future events in the economy. This follows the efficient market hypothesis.

Police Scenario Communication Barrier to Encounter Essay

Police Scenario Communication Barrier to Encounter - Essay Example Visually -Shaken Man The visually shaken only heard the sound but didn't see the incident happening. The following barriers will be met. - He may not answer questions that require him to give information on what he saw - Undefined assumption -: He may make his own assumptions since he never saw the events. This may lead to wrong interpretation. Young Gang Members I will get the following communication barriers with these young gang members. Defensive behavior -: Since they were past of the gang, they may feel threatened to give true information. They may in the process fail to concentrate on the questions. Failure to listen-they may fail to listen to me making me not to get the information I wanted. I will overcome these communication barriers in the following ways. Give the child enough time to explain himself. Avoid asking children leading questions since children tend to agree with what has been said. Ensure that the surrounding environment is friendly and free of destruction for the child to concentrate. For the hearing impaired man, I can look for someone who understands sign language to interpret the sign language to me. For the visually shaken man, he ought to be given time to compose himself and gain courage. For the gang member who may be hesitant to give true information, I can issue threats of imprisonment if they're not willing to give me relevant information. The impact of non-verbal communication while interacting with other officers' witnesses and possible suspects is that I may not get reliable information for my investigation. Interviewing Process and How to Go About Speaking To Each Witness 1. Child I would put myself in the shoes of the child and approach him in a humble man. I will take time to listen to him and desist from... Selective perception -: Because of the difficulty of the sign language, I may tend to hear only what I want to hear and ignore other signs which would otherwise have produced more relevant information. I would put myself in the shoes of the child and approach him in a humble man. I will take time to listen to him and desist from interfering with him as this will lead to him bearing confused. I will be extremely attentive because the child may not exactly repeat what he has said. I will create a climate that will facilitate open honest communication to avoid defensive behavior. I will be pleasant and smile to them so that they cannot take me suspiciously. I will put the young gang members at ease and avoid being tempered over what has happened. Throughout the investigation I'll be equipped with a pocket radio to record all the conversations with the witnesses. I'll then collect the finger - prints of the gang members which will compare with the information present in the police station. This is what I'll show in the courtroom. A shot-out occurred in Monrovia Street on Saturday 2007-01-06 at 14.30 hours. A teenage male was killed. According to my investigations, a gun wielding gang attacked the teenage male who was in his car near a corner gas station. Some of the witnesses lamented that they had a loud bang followed by screams all over.

John Locke Essay Essay Example for Free

John Locke Essay Essay Our Earth has been the home to a multitude of great thinkers. These thinkers were scattered throughout the generations from the Romans all the way to the 20th century; however, the time period with the most philosophers was the Enlightenment Age. During this time there were many thinkers such as Voltaire and Thomas Hobbes. One thinker in particular who contributed a great deal to history was John Locke. His work is still influencing the lives of people across the world 300 years later. He rethought the moral role of government, created a new theory of knowledge, introduced the use of reason, and reminded people of their natural rights. The combination of these four things made him the single most influential philosopher during the Enlightenment Age, and even in history. During the 1600s-1700s, John Locke lived on this earth, observing how society functioned. He saw thinks very differently than the average person. Unlike many others, he used logic and reason in order to see the flaws of government. The government at the time was incredibly corrupt and unfair to the people. Taxes made the lives of 98% of the population miserable and insufferable. Locke could even be considered a humanist for his actions. He felt the people deserved a fair government that served them as appose to the people serving the government. According to Locke, â€Å"political power is the natural power of each man collectively given up into the hands of a designated body†1. In a more general sense, he created the social contract. Most people recognize this theory as the social contract because it is an agreement between government and its people. All people are born with their natural rights. The idea of the social contract is a community surrenders some degree of its natural rights in favor of government, which is better able to protect those rights than any man could alone. Protection is one of the greatest services any government can provide. People will enjoy living under a certain ruler if he or she can keep them safe. The quality of life is generally much higher when there is no constant fear of attack from a neighbor. The idea of the government providing protection had been around before, but Locke included the idea that government exists solely for the well being of the community. He stressed to the people that any government that breaks the contract can and should be replaced. Gradually, people began to process this idea and realized that Locke was right. They were the ones that should have the power, not the government. The people were unhappy with the way they were being treated, but they did not know what to do about it so they continued suffering. Locke gave them an instruction manual by saying, â€Å"the community has a moral obligation to revolt against or otherwise replace any government that forgets that it exists only for the people’s benefit†2. This struck true to many people because they were unhappy. It also gave reason for the government to be reasonable and not do anything outrageous. More power was given to the people and the days of absolute rule would no longer exist. One of Locke’s other contributions that was considered revolutionary was creating a new way theory of knowledge. Locke believed that knowledge was only gained through worldliness. He told people that experiences caused them to learn. One famous this he argued is that, â€Å"at birth the mind is a tabula rasa†3. Tabula rasa translates to â€Å"clean slate†. Essentially, everyone is born without knowledge and over time they become wiser and smarter. This was revolutionary because previously no one had every stopped to think about how knowledge was gained other than schooling. Locke was the first to think that people were born without any knowledge. He emphasized the five senses as well. Humans fill their clean slate with ideas and experience in the world through their five senses. There are many varying definitions of knowledge, but John Locke is the most accurate. Locke defines knowledge as â€Å"the connection and agreement, or disagreement and repugnancy, of the ideas humans form†4. Since our knowledge is derived from our experiences, it means our knowledge is limited. Not everyone can know everything since not one single person can experience everything this earth has to offer in one lifetime. This also means that everyone’s knowledge varies and no two people have the same exact knowledge since everyone’s experiences are different. Locke also notes that there is a great deal of unknown on this world and there always will be. This observation still is true today because there is a great deal of uncertainty in today’s society. He is also still influential because he taught us to question those uncertain areas. As a continuation, he agrees that there are certain things that we are certain of. One example that Locke uses is the certainty of our own existence and the existence of God even tough we may not fully comprehend who or what he was5. Another very complex theory that he had relating to the idea of knowledge was our ideas are related to reality. He said that, â€Å"our ideas correspond to external realities because the mind cannot invent such things without experience†6. The idea of knowledge was vague but Locke defined it in a very detailed and simple way for the average person to comprehend. This idea that our ideas are relates to reality because our mind cannot invent things without experience caused people a greater understanding of how their mind worked and encouraged them to experience more in their lives. John Locke is known for many contributions to society but one of his most influential was his inception of reason. He thought that every person had a purpose in life and that was to find truth. In believing this he encouraged people that God gave us our capacity for reason to aid us in the search for truth. Since Lock believed in a clean mind at birth, he also believed that people were born innocent. Innocence in his mind is eventually inevitably lost trough experience. That innocence disappears and creates knowledge. Locke wanted people to understand and think for themselves rather than follow their leaders blindly. He also considered truthful that, â€Å"each person has a duty to preserve other people as well as himself †¦ recognizing the responsibility to preserve the rights of all humankind naturally leads to tolerance†7. This idea directly leads to his idea of separation of church and state. To him, government had absolutely no right to impose itself people. The fact of the matter was that the government and state were one body. This gave them significant power to do anything they pleased. Locke was one of the very first to question governments over oppression. All men control their bodies and their minds so no other individual should try and control it. Also how â€Å"men naturally exist in a state of nature and so he needs to answer only to the laws of nature†8. The majority of leaders at the time were extremely unhappy with how Locke was influencing the general public. Ironically, now many leaders such as the president of the United States follow many of his beliefs. Locke also influenced the American Constitution when his ideas reached over seas. Early Americans saw the power of his theories such as the social contract and more importantly using reason. People wanted to be granted the same friends and eventually received them. Henry Ford once said, â€Å"thinking is the hardest work there is and that is why so few engage in it†. This quote is why John Locke is the greatest thinker and philosopher of all time. He devoted his life to changing not only the way people thought, but how they viewed life forever. No man has had a greater impact that him. Locke rethought the moral role of government, created a new way theory of knowledge, introduced the use of reason, and reminded people of their natural rights. The combination of these four things is simply what made him such an indelible man. Sources 1. Uzgalis, William, Uzgalis,. John Locke. Stanford University. Stanford University, 02 Sept. 2001. Web. 08 Jan. 2014. 2. Locke, John. The Second Treatise on Civil Government. Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 1986. Print. 3. Aaron, Richard I. John Locke. Oxford: Clarendon, 1971. Print. 4. Berlin, Isaiah. The Age of Enlightenment. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1979. Print. 5. Locke, John, and John Locke. The Second Treatise of Government; And, A Letter concerning Toleration. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2002. Print.

Event planning business plan

Event planning business plan Company Summary Occasions will be a small business designed to meet the needs of the ever changing social world. Jalandhar, Punjab is the current home with plans to expand to branch offices within four years. Occasions staffs of four, with numerous contract vendors, plans events, write event-planning products, and trains area students in the art of event planning. Occasions will be invested in the community it resides in. Occasions are, in part, the answer to demands of the social world, on the working family, heavily-burdened office, out-of-town business, or special occasion in need of special recognition. As a business, we understand the needs of public and private organizations. As parents and family members, we understand the needs of setting special time apart from other events in our lives. Occasions strives to accomplish these goals, in Jalandhar and eventually other areas of Punjab. Company Ownership Occasions is established as a sole proprietorship with the intention of selling the business when it is established to one of the employees invested in the vision of event planning. All aspects of the business will be documented to ensure clients can count on the same results every time. It is these documents that will become the basis of ownership. The sole proprietor will use his or her name as the guarantor of each service. Therefore, the sole proprietor must embody the vision and mission of Occasions. Company Locations and Facilities Occasions will be located inside the city limits of Jalandhar, Punjab. It will be a home-based business. Most meetings with clients will be conducted in social settings, such as restaurants, coffee houses, the clients home, facilities wishing to be used for the event, or over the phone. Although the demand has not yet reached its peak, Occasions will eventually move from its home base into a small office complex, also within the city limits of Jalandhar, Punjab. When the company has reached its finished point, Occasions will have branch offices in Amritsar, and Ludhiana also. The company will maintain a high degree of professionalism. All offices will be equipped with the latest in business technology, such as telephone systems, computers, fax machines, email, duplicators, printers, and software. Each location will have a secure storage area for supplies and equipment used in events, such as walkie-talkies, cellular phones, portable fax machines, and laptops. MARKETING PLAN Situation Analysis: Occasions is entering their first year of business. Marketing will be critical to develop sufficient business to achieve profitability. The company offers high quality event planning for family functions. The basic market need is for a competent service provider offering high quality event planning at a price that is cost effective relative to a company trying to plan the events themselves. Market Summary: Occasions possesses good information regarding its typical customer. This includes customer needs, the general circumstances from which the needs arise, and the difficulties the customer would face if they tried to satisfy these needs themselves. This information will be leveraged to better understand who is served, individual customers specific needs, better communication channels, and how Occasions can satisfy those needs. Market Demographics: The profile for Occasions typical customer consists of the following geographic, demographic, and behaviour factors: Geographic: Ã ¼ The immediate geographic target is the city of Jalandar. Ã ¼ The entire area is in need of event planning services. Ã ¼ The total targeted population is middle class and upper middle class families, couples and individuals. Demographics: Ã ¼ Nuclear as well as Joint Families. Ã ¼ Typically the company has one main office; however some of the customers will have offices diffused into several locations. Ã ¼ For corporate event plannings, 95% of the customers will be manufacturers and designers. Behaviour Factors: Ã ¼ The potential customers are trying to decrease their workload by outsourcing activities that are not imperative to the day-to-day busy schedule. Ã ¼ Such families like to get the events planned from some professionals because of the lack of knowledge about the market like availability of caterers, etc. Market Needs: Occasions is providing its customers with a high quality event planning services. Occasions seeks to fulfil the following benefits that are important to their customers: Ã ¼ Competitive pricing the pricing scheme must be competitive to offer an incentive for the customer to outsource these services. Ã ¼ Customer service the customer must get the sense that all of their needs are being met, regardless how small or inconsequential it may seem. SWOT Analysis: The following SWOT analysis captures the key strengths and weaknesses within the company, and describes the opportunities and threats. Strengths: Ã ¼ Superior, specialized service offerings. Ã ¼ Well-trained, enthusiastic employees. Ã ¼ Strong relationships with complementary service providers. Weaknesses: Ã ¼ The concentration of a small niche of the market that will limit the potential size of the market. Ã ¼ The difficulty of generating awareness and visibility of the company in its first few years of operation. Ã ¼ The inability to rapidly scale to meet large, unexpected increases in demand. Opportunities: Ã ¼ Growing markets of families that outsource event planning activities. Ã ¼ Being a rare service provider concentrating on this specific niche. Ã ¼ Relatively low overhead. Threats: Ã ¼ A slump in the economy that could have a ripple effect on service providers. Ã ¼ Future competition from existing service providers competing in different but complimentary market spaces. Ã ¼ The inability to find qualified, high quality employees. COMPETITORS: The competitors of our business in Jalandhar are: Ø Pho Com Net Pvt. Ltd: This Company is basically based in Kolkata and provides event planning activities in Jalandhar as well. The company is only popular among the upper class families because of high costs that it charges and does not target the segments of middle class families. Ø Deep Wedding Planner And Event Management Com: This company basically deals in wedding planning found in Jalandhar. Ø Shamsheer Communications Pvt. Ltd: This Company is an event management company and it deals in media consultants services. Ø Canvas: This Company is an event planning as well as magazine advertising agency. Marketing Strategy: OCCASIONS will offer a superior service at a lower cost due to specialization. By concentrating on a few specific services, OCCASIONS will become proficient at these services and perform the services better than someone without the same level of expertise. OCCASIONS will increase company visibility through a website, networking, and participation in trade shows. The website will be quite detailed and provide a visitor in-depth information about the services OCCASIONS offers, the corresponding high level of quality, and the cost savings that can be achieved by using OCCASIONS. Marketing Objectives: Ã ¼ Increase repeat customers by 10% per quarter. Ã ¼ Decrease customer acquisition costs by 8% per year. Ã ¼ Generate increased awareness of services offered, quantified by a 2% quarterly increase of unsolicited service requests. Financial Objectives: Ã ¼ Profitability by year three. Ã ¼ Maintain steady, monthly growth. The following sections describe the market segmentation, strategies, and industry analysis. Market Segmentation: The breakdown of the market for event planning falls in a wide, very diverse grouping. Individuals as well as organizations demand the services we provide. In order to provide the greatest depth of information, the market segments have been broken down into private and public organizations, and age groups. Private Organizations and Businesses: Private organizations make up the single largest portion of Occasions client base. Private organizations such as businesses, corporations, and political parties host the most events on the largest scales; therefore, these events generate larger revenues per event. The majority of larger scale holiday functions will fall under this segment. Public Organizations: Government agencies host many events every year. Occasions hopes to alleviate the pressure of event planning for public employees. The second single largest segment, the public sector, can save money and give back to its community at the same time. These events are moderate in scale with middle to low revenues generated. Emphasis is placed on the visibility of the event for public viewing. The majority of organizational family functions will fall under this segment. Age Breakdowns: Under 24: Persons under the age of twenty-four (24) using an event planner are rare at best. We hope to tap the early college graduates who have begun their professional careers but have not yet started their families. These events will focus mainly on themes with moderate to high energy appeal. The revenues generated will range from moderate to high, depending on the event. The majority of weddings will fall into this segment. Ages 25-55: The persons that fall into this age group are employed, middle to upper-middle class families. The reason they choose event planners is they are too busy to do it themselves. Therefore, Occasions will be on hand for questions, contact will be moderate in length but occur regularly so as not to disturb the daily life of the families. These events will generate moderate revenues, with a few generating low revenues. The majority of special occasion planning will occur in this market segment. Ages 56 and above: Persons over the age of 55 have reached the turning point of life. Many are retiring, others are celebrating anniversaries of significant years, and still others are seeing that their childrens special events are taken care of. These events will generate moderate to high revenues depending upon the income level of the family (direct correlation to social status). Most holiday parties, and other special occasions, such as wedding receptions and reunions, will occur in this market segment. Target Market Segment Strategy: Our target markets are middle to upper-middle class families, couples, individuals, or private and public organizations. We chose these groups because they are most able to afford event planners, and have the least amount of time to spare for event planning in general. Families demand attention, employees are overburdened, and overwhelming detail needed to plan large events are too large a constraint to place on people not trained in the area of event planning. The fast pace of the world we live in leaves little time for extra things we would like to do, like plan events, parties, and social get-togethers. Occasions fills the need by being available to take on the burden of planning so that people can spend time on more important things, like family and friends. The demand for this service can only increase considering the rise in incomes, population, and need for interpersonal relations in the workplace. Marketing Mix: OCCCASIONS marketing mix is comprised of the following approaches to pricing, distribution, advertising and promotion, and customer service. Ã ¼ Pricing the pricing scheme will be based on a per project estimate tailored to each customer. Ã ¼ Distribution Occasions services can be performed throughout the Jalandhar regional area, determined by the needs of the customer. Ã ¼ Advertising and Promotion several forms of advertising and promotion will be used including a website, and participation at various tradeshows. Ã ¼ Customer Service the Company goes about the day-to-day operations with the belief that 100% customer satisfaction is required in order to make the business a success. All levels of the organization will be taught this and practice it. Sales Forecast: OCCASIONS will, for the most part, be using the sale strategy of personal selling. The members of the company will be building additional relationships with their network of friends generated through social groups and trade shows. The cost savings can be quantified and shown to the customer while the higher level of service can be guaranteed as well as communicated through testimonials from satisfied clients. The website will be utilized as a powerful communications tool, supplying introductory information to prospective customers, providing an avenue for questions and answers, as well as presenting more specialized information such as cost estimates and event proposals. The first month will be spent setting up the office. It is unlikely that there will be any sales activity within the first two months. During the first and second month, the company will be developing some systems to provide a template for future event planning. Once this is set up Occasions will be able to process customer service requests rather easily. The third month will see some sales activity trickle. It will not be until the fifth month that things will really kick in. During months six through 12 sales will steadily increase, and this increase should continue well into year two. Sales Strategy: Occasions will deal with a diverse market of clients. Within each market segment, closing of sales will differ. Each approach is described as follows: Private and Public Organizations: Sales will be concluded one to two days after the end of the event. A follow-up phone call will be placed informing the client of the total cost, number of attendees, and information about the billing packet that will arrive at their offices. Feedback forms will be included in these packets to ensure the client is being served as they deem appropriate. Form letter thank-you will be sent following each event. Individuals: Sales will be concluded with a follow-up phone call one to two days after the event. The phone call will explain the total cost of the event, number of attendees, and information concerning the billing. Individual parties of any age group are placed on a billing cycle. Invoices will be sent out the 25th of the month and will be due the 10th of the following month. Feedback forms will be included in these packets to ensure the client is being served as they deem appropriate. Thank-you cards will follow each individual event. Products and Services: Although Occasions is primarily a service business, we also offer products to aid our customers in planning the event themselves. The following products are tools used inside our operation for the best possible results: Party Pack: The Party Pack is a complete kit for any party. It includes decorations, lighting effects guide, disposable theme cameras, cutlery, plates, napkins, cups, punch mix (or recipe), snack supplies (or recipe), tablecloths, theme music (where applicable), invitations, thank-you cards, and a step-by-step guide to planning, putting together, and hosting the event. Step-by-Step Guides: These booklets include a calendar to map out the event, a step-by-step guide on what is needed for and how to put together a successful, worry-free event, resource information, popular refreshments with recipes, games, and tips to put their event in the record books. The events available include birthdays for all ages, meetings, retreats, parties, vacations, and special occasion celebrations such as graduations, holidays, showers, weddings, and receptions. Resources Manual: This valuable guide acts as a review for all the resources located in the surrounding area. A ranking is given to the various services, such as caterers, decorators, disc jockeys, bands, and facilities. This manual gives the client the freedom of making a choice based on experience. OPERATIONAL PLAN Company Locations and Facilities Occasions will be located inside the city limits of Jalandhar, Punjab. It will be a home-based business. Most meetings with clients will be conducted in social settings, such as restaurants, coffee houses, the clients home, facilities wishing to be used for the event, or over the phone. Occasions will eventually move from its home base into a small office complex, also within the city limits of Jalandhar, Punjab. When the company will have reached its finished point, Occasions will have branch offices in Jalandhar, Ludhiana, and Amritsar, and then the operations will be extended to other states in the country as well. The company will maintain a high degree of professionalism. All offices will be equipped with the latest in business technology, such as telephone systems, computers, fax machines, email, duplicators, printers, and software. Each location will have a secure storage area for supplies and equipment used in events, such as walkie-talkies, cellular phones, portable fax machines, and laptops. Services provided by the company Although Occasions is primarily a service business, we will offer products to aid our customers in planning the event themselves. The following products will be the tools used inside our operation for the best possible results: Party Pack The Party Pack is a complete kit for any party. It includes decorations, lighting effects guide, disposable theme cameras, cutlery, plates, napkins, cups, punch mix (or recipe), snack supplies (or recipe), tablecloths, theme music (where applicable), invitations, thank-you cards, and a step-by-step guide to planning, putting together, and hosting the event. Step-by-Step Guides These booklets include a calendar to map out the event, a step-by-step guide on what is needed for and how to put together a successful, worry-free event, resource information, popular refreshments with recipes, games, and tips to put their event in the record books. The events available include birthdays for all ages, meetings, retreats, parties, vacations, and special occasion celebrations such as graduations, holidays, showers, weddings, and receptions. Event Planning Software This cutting-edge tool will allow the client all the resources and visual aids for their event planning. They will be able to play with decoration themes, listen to theme music, design invitations, thank-you cards, and RSVP cards, use the interactive planning calendar, and much more. This software will bring their event into the millennium with cutting edge technology that is designed to save time and money. Resources Manual This valuable guide acts as a review for all the resources located in the surrounding area. A ranking is given to the various services, such as caterers, decorators, disc jockeys, bands, and facilities. This manual gives the client the freedom of making a choice based on experience. Free Event Planners Training for High School and College Students It will be our mission to support our community. Ten hours each month will be devoted to training area students in event planning. This will aid them in planning proms, graduation parties, river clean-ups, homecoming, and other important events. This will be a priority of Occasions. It will not be cut back as the business grows. Occasions will provide event planning in a wide range of applications. We guarantee satisfaction in the areas of appearance, performance, and taste. The following is a sampling of the types of events we plan every year: * Meetings, Trainings, and Retreats. * Conferences and Workshops. * Birthdays, Anniversaries, Graduations and Holidays. * Weddings, Receptions, and Showers. * Company picnics, banquets, and award ceremonies. Employees in the company The management team within Occasions will be small in the beginning. The primary employees will be the founders i.e our group members, who will plan events, then contract with caterers, decorators, disc jockeys, and bands to fill out the event. One of the group member will act as a contract labor site manager to work the events as a liaison and vendor coordinator. Thus, there will be four main employees as we are four number of people in the group.. When Occasions will reach its expansion goals, each office will have one to two event planners, an office assistant, two to three site managers for the events, and a product and marketing specialist. This team will function as one with constant communication through weekly staff meetings, email, and message boards. All jobs are interrelated. The performance of one effects the performance of the others; therefore, each team member expects nothing but the best from each other. As it functions currently, we see no gaps in the management of this organization. Should Occasions grow beyond its estimated size, more positions in specialized areas will need to be added as well as additional site support and office assistance. To fill these positions, Occasions will look for energetic, teachable, detail-oriented persons who want the potential to grow and improve their skills within the organization. Occasions want to be the best; therefore, they will hire those who want to succeed. MANAGEMENT SUMMARY: Organizational Structure The management team within Occasions will be small in the beginning. The primary employees will be the founders, i.e four members of our group who will plan events, then contract with caterers, decorators, disc jockeys, and bands to fill out the event. A contract labor site manager will be on hand to work the events as a liaison and vendor coordinator. Thus, there will be five main employees with various levels of vendors. When Occasions reaches its expansion goals, each office will have one to two event planners, an office assistant, two to three site managers for the events, and a product and marketing specialist. This team will function as one with constant communication through weekly staff meetings, email, and message boards. All jobs are interrelated. The performance of one effects the performance of the others; therefore, each team member expects nothing but the best from each other. As it functions currently, we see no gaps in the management of this organization. Should Occasions grow beyond its estimated size, more positions in specialized areas will need to be added as well as additional site support and office assistance. To fill these positions, Occasions is looking for energetic, teachable, detail-oriented persons who want the potential to grow and improve their skills within the organization. Occasions wants to be the best; therefore, we will hire those who want to succeed. Financial Plan Service-based business requires funds to start up and, as they grow and expand, less funds to maintain. The charts and graphs that follow will show that investment up front allows Occasions to function debt-free with little overhead. This gives Occasions aquickerbreak-even point and increased profit margins from the start. As Occasions grows, the debt-free philosophy will be maintained until it is impossible to function during growth periods without financial assistance. OCCASIONS WEAK MONTH YEAR MARRIAGES 1 4 48 BIRTHDAYS, ANNINERSARIES, ETC 2 8 96 BUSINESS MEETINGS 1 4 48 SALES OR REVENUE FOR THE YEAR MARRIAGES = 1*50000*48=RS.2400000/- BIRTHDAYS = 1*25000*96=RS.2400000/- MEETINGS = 1*15000*48=RS.720000/- TOTAL REVENUE/SALES = RS.5520000/- CAPITAL INTRODUCED = 4*150000=RS.600000/- LAND OWNED RENOVATION RS. 300000/- EXPENSES: ELECTRICITY CHARGES RS. 60000/- TELEPHONE CHARGES RS. 14400/- REFRESHMENT CHARGES RS. 36000/- TRAVELLING CHARGES RS. 60000/- STAFF 2*6000=12000*12=RS.144000/- 2*12000=24000*12=RS.288000/- MIS. CHARGES RS. 54000/- ASSETS PURCHASED: COMPUTER 2*20000=RS.40000/- AIR CONDITIONER 2*25000=RS.50000/- FURNITURE AND FITTINGS RS.50000/- Key Financial Indicators The break-even point for Occasions is based on the assumption that we will produce 16 events per month and average approximately RS.15000/- per event. Currently, we average more than this assumption for our public and private organization events. The break-even point will appear more rapidly for Occasions than for other types of home-based businesses. Break even Analysis: Break even unit: 2 Monthly Units 16 Monthly Sales RS.46000/- Assumptions: Per-Unit Revenue 28750 Monthly Variable Cost 45200 Monthly Fixed Cost 14500 Leading the industry in event planning requires the use of the resources available at the lowest cost. As noted in the table, we spend less money on overhead than other event planners with an outside office or office space in their own facility. This savings allows us to market in creative ways and spend funds on expansion into other areas, when the time is right. PROJECTED PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT SALES 5520000 EXPENSES: ELECTRICITY CHARGES 60000 TELEPHONE CHARGES 14400 REFRESHMENT CHARGES 36000 STAFF SALARY 432000 ADVERTISE MENT 60000 TRAVELLING CHARGES 60000 MISCELLANEOUS 54000 TOTAL OPERATING EXP. RS.716400/- PROFIT BEFORE INT. AND TAX 5520000-716400=RS. 4803600/- INTEREST NIL TAX (40%) 1921440 NET PROFIT RS.2882160/-